My friend Walter Olson pointed me to this from John Locke:
To love truth for truth’s sake is the principal part of human perfection in this world, and the seed-plot of all other virtues.
This is great and inspirational quote, but in most interpretive sieves I believe it is wrong. Hume’s assertion that “reason is and ought only to be the slave of the passions” is closer to the truth in terms of describing the typical human in terms of how they think, and what they value.
One of the insights of modern cognitive science is that the “rational” and “reflective” component of our mind tends to promote some delusions about its role in our decision-making process. Rather than being the conductor, it’s more often the rationalizer. That is, we make a decision, and then we concoct rationales after the fact. One can think of conscious rationality as a public relations outfit, as opposed to the client.
None of this is deep wisdom, and the latest research is all outlined in The Enigma of Reason. But, another issue which I think is important to note is that the propaganda over the generations by the very small proportion of the population for whom reason and truth are prioritized as the summum bonum of human existence, as implied by Locke’s assertion, have biased our understanding of history. The reason being that they are the ones disproportionately writing the history! Our species’ collective memory lies to us because cultural organs of memory have their own agendas (albeit, unconsciously!).
In Near Eastern antiquity the scribal caste was very much a group of literate wizards. No doubt some elements of literacy percolated to the general public, as is evident by graffito hieroglyphics by workers in ancient Egypt, but habitual engagement with the written word was the purview of a small group of professionals. These individuals dealt in abstraction in their day to day, and by the middle of the first millennium B.C. out of the culture of scribes developed the group we would term intellectuals. The philosophers, prophets, and sages of antiquity. A period when religion, magic, and science, were all one.
Of course, many of these intellectuals were not from the scribal caste as such. Many were aristocrats and gentry (e.g., Siddhartha and Plato). But by this time literacy had spread out beyond the scribal castes, and a civilian elite culture had emerged which valued intellectual pursuits in some fashion. Elite male leadership training in some societies began to include intellectual arts as part of their education. But we should be cautious about inferring from this that these elite males valued rhetoric and philosophy as ends in and of themselves. Rather, rhetoric and philosophy exhibited some instrumental (in politics for the former) and signaling value (abstruse philosophical abstraction could only be mastered by those with leisure and means, so it suggested one’s class origin and cultivation).
Across the centuries, and even millennia, the minority of intellectuals who notionally chased the truth, Plato, Sima Qian, and Ibn Khaldun, remain in our memories because their ideas were powerful, attractive, and their intellectual coherency and brilliance impressed future generations of thinkers. But we need not infer from this that in their own time they were of such inordinate fame or glory in relation to others of similar note though intellectual mediocrity. To give a concrete example, for a few shining decades phlogiston and Lysenkoism were bright and influential, even though the latter, and possibly the former, were both fraudulent enterprises.
Good intellectual work does stand the test of time, but it’s not always clear what is good and valid at a given time. In the present marketing and manipulation can matter more than the truth.
Even aside from the puffed up historical importance given to intellectuals by the histories which they write, there is the problem that intellectuals themselves are quite taken in by motivated reasoning. Because most premodern intellectuals were much more generalist than moderns it is hard to project backward, but we know modern thinkers are strongly impacted by motivated reasoning within their fields, and ignorance outside of their fields. To give a concrete example extremely brilliant biologists know nothing of psychometrics, so they just parrot conventional wisdom with no understanding of the state of the field. Similarly, many non-geneticists believe that epigenetics has revolutionized our understanding of genetics, when many geneticists would demur. Many non-evolutionary biologists believe that Stephen Jay Gould revolutionized evolutionary biology, even when evolutionary biologists who are sympathetic to Gould would demur.
In the long-term, the truth probably has an advantage, but in the short-term showy sophistry can easily overwhelm that signal for most of the population, including intellectuals.
Finally, is the fidelity to the truth even the most important aspect of human character or nature? How about we change Locke’s assertion to “To love kindness for kindness’ sake is the principal part of human perfection in this world, and the seed-plot of all other virtues.” How many would object?
In our technologically driven society, where computation is having its time of glory, it stands to reason that reason is the queen of cognition. But most people can not write code. And most people do not value truth for itself. In fact, most people try to avoid and obfuscate truth when it makes them uncomfortable, including intellectuals. Everyone avoids and minimizes ugly or unflattering truths about themselves, for one. Most people would rather talk about something else that’s not about the truth if the truth is something that they don’t want to confront, whether it’s a truth about the world or a truth about themselves.
If you are in the natural sciences or other parts of the academy where rigorous analysis and empiricism are still valued in the ideal (e.g., analytic philosophy, economics, and mathematics) then you live in a world where truth is valorized and glorified incessantly. The social norms to promote truth, even if you often fail, are very powerful. The truth may be a god we honor in the breach, but we still honor that god. People who live in these intellectual subcultures are reinforced by what we read in history and our public culture that truth is first and foremost what humans value.
This is obviously false descriptively. Consider journalism. Journalists report the truth if it makes people uncomfortable against their own interests. That’s part of their ethos. But, the best way that investigative journalism works is that ideologically opposed camps discover the truth about the opposition because there are strong incentives to avoid the truth about one’s own camp or priors.* Now, modern journalism is becoming reduced to producing pieces which confirm the audience’s priors, entertain them in some fashion (which fortunately most, but not all, science stories do), or, are actionable financially for oligarchs and their retainers.
Of course, there is a small cult of truth which exists in the world. Overrepresented among intellectuals across the centuries they’ve reshaped humanity in their own image, falsely. Even though they miss the mark, they continuously strive for truth, and plumb abstruse depths of abstraction when others might pursue power and glory. The hard truth is that this cult needs to confront the truth that for most humans truth is not a major motivator in their a life well lived. Humans, like the beasts of the field, can flourish well enough in ignorant bliss. They always have, and currently are.
* I Glenn Greenwald seems like an asshole a lot of the time. But one thing I’ve never seen him do: clearly dodge and obfuscate about what he believes the truth is. There are things where I believe he’s dead wrong, but I suspect he’s sincerely wrong, instead of being nakedly partisan.